34 
or success with the public, but th© mass-media have 
pushed out the limits of growth of this hierarchy. Thus 
there is a certain analogy with the super-managers: 
Just as they have Increased their range of indirect 
control of employees at the lowest ©fade, so the Mg 
stars have increased their rang® of communication (i.c. 
their audience), only in their case this communication 
is direct. The super managers have arisen from the growth 
of organisation m the face of rigid span of control, 
while the superstars, on the contrary, have arisen from 
an enormous extension of the sis© of audiences. Accord 
ingly the "grade” in the case of the stars must be 
measured by the sis® of audience. Bor the managers, on 
the other hand, tte grades are a sequence of random 
numbers which represent the successive spans of control; 
similarly for the teachers, technicians etc. 
How can all these consideration help us in the explana 
tion of incomes? We see o hierarchy (or hierarcMes) of 
grades established in connection with the growth of ■ 
information systems. The grade can serve as state varia 
ble in a stochastic process resulting in a Vjnd of 
steady state hierarchy. From the grades we can derive 
the incomes provided we can plausibly assume a stochastic 
relation between the two. A complication still to be 
mastered is the fact that the grades change with the age