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Appendix D 
Pilot Study 3: Recall Clusters 
Purpose: To study the semantics of ownership using free 
recall, the plan was to obtain recall lists of exemplars of 
things that were owned and things that were not owned. 
These listings were to be used as stimuli for judgement 
tasks of the relevance of a set of plausable criteria of 
ownership. Two questions concerning free recall had to be 
answered. First, could subjects generate exemplars of 
things they did not own? No literature could be found 
concerning the free recall of negatively defined categories. 
Secondly, would short recall lists, only 10 items long, be 
unrepresentative either because they encompassed only one 
recall cluster or because early recall RELATE ‘were 
atypical? To answer these questions, a pilot study was 
needed to check that subjects could indeed generate 
exemplars of things they did not own, that recall clusters 
in the first 10 items were small, and that recall items in a 
10 item list were representative of the category. 
Method: Sixty-eight part-time students from an evening 
introductory psychology course made 2-minute free recall 
listings of each of the following categories: Animals, What 
You Own, Famous People, and What You Do Not Own. After 
completing all of the recall listings, subjects then were