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by prescription. From philosophy, Locke (1704/1978) 
discussed ownership by the criteria of most efficient use 
and by adding value through labor. Rousseau (1755/1978) 
discussed ownership by declaration, by boundary marking, and 
by consent. From anthropology, Firth (cited in Beaglehole, 
1932) discussed ownership by conquest and by sentimental 
association. General social knowledge provided other 
criteria, for ‘example, ownership by purchase, by court 
decision, by legal decree, and by inheritance. Other 
criteria were more derivative, for example, claiming 
ownership on the basis of a significant vision is 
exemplified in the current Middle East conflict by Israel's 
claim to territory ultimately on the basis of a vision that 
Moses had experienced in antiquity. From daily life, 
ownership might be recognized at a lost and found department 
on the basis of detailed knowledge of the item, an 
identification name on the item, or a bill of sale for it. 
A list of 40 plausible criteria of ownership appears in 
Appendix A. 
More formal consideration of a criterion can be made 
by having subjects make explicit judgements as to the 
criterion's reasonableness and force as an argument. This 
approach should detect the more formal, explicit criteria of 
ownership as might be used in verbal justification and in 
legal debate. Another approach to generating information on