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six stages, each of which will be described as a separate 
sub-section of the results. 
Equivalence of Recall Conditions 
The first analysis was to determine whether or not the 
two recall conditions (experimenter-present and 
experimenter-absent) had any significant effect on the 
recall listings. There was concern that the subjects who 
did the recall tasks in the absence of the experimenter 
might have performed differently, e.g. by either consulting 
other people for exemplars or by doing the recall tasks in 
several sittings. The null hypothesis was that there was no 
difference in the recall listings. This was tested on eight 
different measures. For listings of things owned and for 
listings of things not owned, the two groups of subjects 
were compared on the relative frequencies of the exemplars, 
on the relative frequencies of the exemplar categories, on 
the recall positions of the actual exemplars in the serial 
recall order 1 to 10, and on the the recall positions of the 
items in the exemplar categories. All comparisons were made 
using the Wilcoxon Matched-Pairs Signed-Ranks Test of the 
SPSS sub-program NPAR TESTS (Hull & Nie, 1981). 
The first comparisons were of the actual exemplars that 
had a recall frequency of at least two, i.e. exemplars 
listed by more than one subject. It would not have been